Cuproptosis: Unraveling the Mechanisms of Copper-Induced Cell Death and Its Implication in Cancer Therapy.

Simple Summary: Cuproptosis is a recently identified form of cell death induced by imbalanced copper levels. We aimed to explore the mechanism underlying copper-induced cell death. To achieve this, we surveyed the literature to understand the biochemical implications of cuproptosis in diseases, particularly in the context of cancer. The concept of copper ionophores, such as elesclomol and disulfiram, is highlighted as they elevate intracellular copper levels, triggering oxidative stress and ultimately leading to cell death–a potential avenue for cancer therapy. Furthermore, we will delve into the intricate relationship between copper, mitochondrial respiration, and protein lipoylation, shedding light on their connections in inducing cell death. Copper, an essential element for various biological processes, demands precise regulation to avert detrimental health effects and potential cell toxicity. This paper explores the mechanisms of copper-induced cell death, known as cuproptosis, and its potential health and disease implications, including cancer therapy. Copper ionophores, such as elesclomol and disulfiram, increase intracellular copper levels. This elevation triggers oxidative stress and subsequent cell death, offering potential implications in cancer therapy. Additionally, copper ionophores disrupt mitochondrial respiration and protein lipoylation, further contributing to copper toxicity and cell death. Potential targets and biomarkers are identified, as copper can be targeted to those proteins to trigger cuproptosis. The role of copper in different cancers is discussed to understand targeted cancer therapies using copper nanomaterials, copper ionophores, and copper chelators. Furthermore, the role of copper is explored through diseases such as Wilson and Menkes disease to understand the physiological mechanisms of copper. Exploring cuproptosis presents an opportunity to improve treatments for copper-related disorders and various cancers, with the potential to bring significant advancements to modern medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]