Hollow cylinder array metamaterial for high efficiency with polarization independence.

This paper introduces a novel hollow cylinder array (HCA) two-dimensional (2D) reflective grating for polarization-independent high diffraction efficiency at a condition of Littrow mounting of wavelength of 780 nm. Remarkably, the (−1, 0) order efficiency for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations reaches 98.53 % and 98.24 %, respectively, ensuring excellent diffraction efficiency equilibrium (99.70 %) and extinction ratio (E r TE = 46.02 dB, E r TM = 33.39 dB). The grating's diffraction behavior across incident wavelengths and angles is explored, which shows the grating has a wavelength bandwidth of 16 nm and an angular bandwidth of 3.4° when the main orders efficiencies over than 90 %, along with a thorough analysis of manufacturing tolerances. This grating promises significant potential in high-precision displacement measurement applications, offering robust performance and broad operational bandwidths. • A novel hollow cylinder array two-dimensional reflective grating is presented for the polarization-independent property. • The (−1, 0) order efficiency reaches 98.53 % and 98.24 % for TE polarization and TM polarization, respectively. • Excellent efficiency equilibrium is 99.70 % and extinction ratio 46.02 dB/33.39 dB is for TE/TM polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]