Enhancing the performance of consolidated voltage–frequency control of multi‐area hybrid interconnected power systems using electric vehicles.

Electricity consumers desire a reliable and uninterrupted power supply for their equipment. Frequency and voltage are fluctuated due to the increase in intermittent renewable sources in the power systems. To mitigate these problems, a novel multi‐term fractional‐order PID (MFOPID) controller is proposed for improving the combined voltage‐frequency control of a three‐area hydrothermal system (THS) that incorporates a realistic dish‐Stirling solar thermal system (RDSTS). Suitable nonlinearity constraints are considered in both thermal‐hydro units. The proposed controller parameters are optimized using the artificial flora algorithm. Electric vehicle (EV) fleets have been introduced for the first time into the system under consideration. The MFOPID controller outperforms the PID with filter coefficient (PIDN) controller, according to a comparative assessment of the system dynamic responses under various investigations. Investigations exhibit that the system dynamic performance marginally degrades after the incorporation of the RDSTS into all control area of the three‐area THS. The analysis reveals that the assimilation of EVs into the considered system provides better system damping and reduces oscillations and peak deviations. The efficiency of electric vehicles is influenced by battery state‐of‐charge (SOC). The system performance deteriorates when the SOC of the EVs is more than 80% charging and less than 50% discharging at the time of disturbance. Moreover, the MFOPID controller provides a faster injection of EV power into the system during perturbation compared to the PIDN controller. Sensitivity analysis validated the MFOPID controller's sturdiness against numerous physical system conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]