Factors that limit the productive use of Apis mellifera L.– a review.

The productive management of Apis mellifera L. faces threats that put the populations of this species, which is part of the set of crucial pollinators for agriculture, food production, and the sustainability of ecosystems. Worldwide, bee loss is a multifactorial phenomenon associated with various factors such as exposure to pesticides, pests and diseases, improper beekeeping management practices, habitat deterioration, climate change, etc. The occurrence of these causative factors in a particular or synergistic way limits the productive use of A. mellifera. This review addresses five of the main factors affecting bee production globally. A systematic search of published information available in the Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was carried out, using keywords for each topic, from January 2011 to November 30, 2021. The most relevant information of each factor, its causes, and research focus was considered, with a conclusion to explore proposed alternatives for future studies. Consequently, an analysis of the accumulated knowledge on the problems that exist around the productive management of A. mellifera worldwide is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]