Activation of free fatty acid receptors, FFAR1 and FFAR4, ameliorates ulcerative colitis by promote fatty acid metabolism and mediate macrophage polarization.

• Activated FFAR1 and FFAR4 promote fatty acid metabolism and M2 macrophage polarization, alleviating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. • Combining FFAR1 and FFAR4 agonists drives polarization toward M2 macrophage and reduces intracellular lipid accumulation by promoting fatty acid oxidation. To investigate the mechanism of action of fatty acid receptors, FFAR1 and FFAR4, on ulcerative colitis (UC) through fatty acid metabolism and macrophage polarization. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of UC mice was used to evaluate the efficacy of FFAR1 (GW9508) and FFAR4 (GSK137647) agonists by analyzing body weight, colon length, disease activity index (DAI), and histological scores. Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to quantify the levels of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes and macrophage makers. FFA-induced lipid accumulation in RAW264.7 cells was visualized by Oil Red O staining analysis, and cells were collected to detect macrophage polarization by flow cytometry. The combination of GW9508 and GSK137647 significantly improved DSS-induced UC symptoms, caused recovery in colon length, and decreased histological injury. GW9508 + GSK137647 treatment upregulated the expressions of CD206, lipid oxidation enzyme (CPT-1α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) but downregulated those of CD86, lipogenic enzymes (ACC1, FASN, SCD1), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). Combining the two agonists decreased FFA-induced lipid accumulation and increased CD206 expression in cell-based experiments. Activated FFAR1 and FFAR4 ameliorates DSS-induced UC by promoting fatty acid metabolism to reduce lipid accumulation and mediate M2 macrophage polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]