Salp swarm algorithm for solving green vehicle routing problem.

Given the importance of transportation in logistics operations, the vehicle routing problem (VRP) is critical to logistics practice. The Green Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP) is a variation of the VRP that focuses on issues related to sustainable transportation. GVRP's goal is to balance the economy and environmental costs by developing effective solutions to environmental and financial concerns. The purpose of this paper is to propose a Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) to solve the GVRP. Using the benchmark test instance E-n23-k3, a numerical experiment is carried out to test the proposed algorithm. The results show that the SSA outperforms the Route Splitting Tabu Search (RS-TS). On average, the total cost is reduced by 1.41%. Furthermore, we show that the use of various modes of transportation affects fuel consumption, emission costs, and vehicle usage costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]