Numerical investigation on knock intensity, combustion, and emissions of a heavy-duty natural gas engine with different hydrogen mixing strategies.

With the continuous development of hydrogen energy technology, mixing hydrogen has become a potential method to enhance the performance of natural gas engines and reduce emissions. Aiming to offer guidance for optimizing strategies for mixing hydrogen from the perspectives of knock control and thermal efficiency enhancement, a three-dimensional model of a commercial heavy-duty natural gas engine is constructed based on the actual boundary conditions from a high load bench test. In this study, simulations were conducted under conditions where the hydrogen volume fraction ranged from 0% to 40%. The study explored the effects of two injection strategies, port fuel injection of hydrogen-enriched natural gas (PFI) and port fuel injection of natural gas combined with direct injection of hydrogen into the cylinder (PFI + DI), on engine knocking, performance, and emissions. Results indicate that for various injection strategies, there is an increasing trend in knock intensity (KI) with the higher hydrogen mixing ratio. When the hydrogen volume fraction exceeds 20%, the timing of direct hydrogen injection significantly affects KI. This effect is mainly caused by the distribution of unburned hydrogen at the knock onset crank angle (KOCA). Compared to other injection strategies, the PFI + DI strategy when the direct hydrogen injection time at 120°CA BTDC results in a high concentration of hydrogen near the spark plug at the ignition moment, combined with good mixture uniformity in the cylinder. This leads to the shortest CA0-10 and CA10-90, and achieves a maximum indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of 44.68% under 20% hydrogen volume fraction. Compared to the original natural gas engine, the ITE increased by 2.9% and the NO x emissions increased by 166%, while the HC and CO emissions decreased by 88% and 53%. • Effects of different hydrogen mixing strategies on a natural gas engine are studied. • Knock intensity correlates with unburned hydrogen distribution at knock onset crank angle. • Hydrogen mixing methods affect mixture uniformity and TKE in cylinder. • At 20% hydrogen volume fraction, direct hydrogen injection timing of 120°CA BTDC maximizes ITE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]