Synthesis of HNTs-Ca/Zn catalyst for biodiesel production from acidulated palm oil: Optimized by GA-BP.

The development of heterogeneous base catalyst with acid resistance has become a major topic in the current research on the biodiesel production process. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) is supported with bimetallic of calcium and zinc for modification and labeled as HNTs-Ca/Zn to show both the acid and base characteristics. Further, this supported catalyst is used to produce biodiesel from the acidulated palm oil through catalyzing transesterification in one-step in this study. The HNTs-Ca/Zn catalyst, synthesized by the impregnation method, is characterized by TG-DTG, XRD, XPS, TEM, SEM-EDX, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, CO 2 /NH 3 -TPD, FTIR and Raman. The capability of the HNTs-Ca/Zn catalyst in catalyzing transesterification is investigated, where the maximum yield of 95.22% is achieved with the molar ratio of Zn to Ca of 1.5. The advantage of HNTs-Ca/Zn1.5 catalyst is prominent when the transesterification source oil is acidulated, where the biodiesel yield of 92.66% is obtained even at the acid value of 26.02 mg KOH g−1. Besides, reusability of the catalyst is acceptable, where the yield of 77.91% is maintained after the fourth reused cycle. Further, the Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation (GA-BP) neural network is used to train and predict the transesterification parameters of the reaction temperature, catalyst amount and methanol to oil molar ratio. The prediction of the biodiesel yield is reasonable. At the predicted reaction parameters of 158 °C, catalyst amount of 7.1 wt.% and methanol to oil molar ratio of 15.5, the predicted biodiesel yield is 98.71%, where the experimental verification value is 98.60%. Therefore, the HNTs-Ca/Zn catalyst is considered to demonstrate exceptional catalytic performance and recyclability, offering the potential for biodiesel production. [Display omitted] • HNTs-Ca/Zn acid-base bifunctional catalysts are produced for biodiesel production. • The HNTs-Ca/Zn1.5 catalyst performs excellent acid resistance under 26.02 mg KOH g−1. • Transesterification parameters are optimized by the GA-BP neural network. • The maximum biodiesel yield of 98.60% is obtained under the optimum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]