Dual roles of α1,4‐galactosyltransferase 1 in spermatogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster.

Spermatogenesis is critical for insect reproduction and the process is regulated by multiple genes. Glycosyltransferases have been shown to participate in the development of <italic>Drosophila melanogaster</italic>; however, their role in spermatogenesis is still unclear. In this study, we found that <italic>α</italic>1,4‐galactosyltransferase 1 (<italic>α4GT1</italic>) was expressed at a significantly higher level in the testis than in the ovary of <italic>Drosophila</italic>. Importantly, the hatching rate was significantly decreased when <italic>α4GT1</italic> RNA interference (RNAi) males were crossed with <italic>w1118</italic> females, with only a few mature sperm being present in the seminal vesicle of <italic>α4GT1</italic> RNAi flies. Immunofluorescence staining further revealed that the individualization complex (IC) in the testes from <italic>α4GT1</italic> RNAi flies was scattered and did not move synchronically, compared with the clustered IC observed in the control flies. Terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase (TdT)‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that apoptosis signals in the sperm bundles of <italic>α4GT1</italic> RNAi flies were significantly increased. Moreover, the expression of several individualization‐related genes, such as <italic>Shrub</italic>, <italic>Obp44a</italic> and <italic>Hanabi</italic>, was significantly decreased, whereas the expression of several apoptosis‐related genes, including <italic>Dronc</italic> and <italic>Drice</italic>, was significantly increased in the testes of <italic>α4GT1</italic> RNAi flies. Together, these results suggest that <italic>α</italic>4GT1 may play dual roles in <italic>Drosophila</italic> spermatogenesis by regulating the sperm individualization process and maintaining the survival of sperm bundles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]