Grotta Grande (southern Italy). Disentangling the Neandertal and carnivore interaction in a short-term palimpsest at the last glacial onset (∼116-109 ka).

The Mousterian of the Grotta Grande (Southern Italy) is here subject to new dating, which provide a surprisingly high-resolution on the stratigraphic sequence. Overall, the deposit in the Trench F appears framed in the MIS 5, into a brief chronological time span immediately after the Last Interglacial, between ∼116 ka and 109 ka. Significant archaeological evidence has been found in this sector on the cave, consisting in two high-resolution archaeological records (layers 8 and 6) with evidence of anthropic organization of the space, involving possible constructed features, use of fire and, possibly, different activity areas. Here we focus on the layer 8, excavated for 10.5 m2, which returned an intriguing entanglement of human and carnivore evidence. An interdisciplinary approach based on the pivotal role of spatial taphonomy, as meeting point of zooarchaeology, lithic technology, lithic traceology and spatial archaeology, has been applied. Beyond the recognition of the two main components in the formation of the context (the human and carnivore agency), the results allow to recognize its very good preservation state. Moreover, the reciprocal interaction between Neandertal and spotted hyena has been hypothesized, reconstructing the meaning of their presence at the site. More specifically, a Neandertal camp would have been followed, immediately after its abandonment, by scavenging activities of the spotted hyena, profiteering of resources with food interest for its diet left in the site. This human/carnivore sequence contribute to shed new light on the taphonomy issues on Quaternary sites. • Evidence of human/carnivore interaction from a MIS 5 context in Southern Italy. • Short-term context dated to 116-109 ka by direct regional radiometric chronology. • High-resolution and interdisciplinary analysis of the taphonomic evidence. • Zooarchaeology, lithic technology and traceology powered with a GIS approach. • A Neandertal camp followed by a scavenging activity by spotted hyena identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]