Evaluation of the variation of the GPR frequency spectra created by the activities of earthworms.

The analysis and utilization of frequency spectrum in emission signals from ground penetrating radar (GPR) are essential for investigating soil characteristics and enhancing urban management. This research focuses on assessing the effectiveness of earthworm activities in improving rainwater management in regions with clay soil, where water infiltration is challenging. Specifically, we examined the impact of two earthworm species, Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa , as well as a combination of both, on the permeability of clay loam soil. To evaluate earthworm activities, a gravity-driven film flow setup with nine tanks was employed. Furthermore, we suggest utilizing the Discrete Fourier transform to analyse the frequency spectra of different data types (traces, transects, and the average of tanks) and comprehend their influence on earthworm behavior. To investigate the relationship between fluctuations in infiltration velocity and the frequency spectrum signal over time and activity position, a correlation analysis was performed using linear regression models. The goodness of fit was assessed based on the coefficient of determination (R2). For the earthworm species L1, L2, and L12, the R2 values were determined as 0.8858, 0.847, and 0.9493, respectively. These results demonstrate that the frequency domain was derived from variations in ground penetrating radar signals, and a significant correlation exists between infiltration velocity and spectra influenced by earthworm activity. • Assess the effectiveness of earthworm activities in improving rainwater management. • Examine the impact of two earthworm species. • Analyse the frequency spectra of different data types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]