Molecular diversity of <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> clinical isolates: antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and biofilm formation.

AbstractOne of the mechanisms responsible for antibiotic resistance in <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> is the enzymes produced by the bacteria; another important mechanism is the ability to form biofilm. In this study, antibiotic resistance, genes associated with virulence, and biofilm-forming properties of <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> strains were investigated. A total of 100  <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> isolates were obtained from different clinical samples identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with the Phoenix 100 apparatus. The biofilm forming properties of strains were determined by the microtiter plate method. For molecular analysis, genes encoding the carbapenemase enzyme (<italic>bla</italic>OXA-48, <italic>bla</italic>NDM-1, <italic>bla</italic>IMP, and <italic>bla</italic>VIM) and biofilm-related genes (<italic>tre</italic>C, <italic>lux</italic>S, <italic>mrk</italic>A, and <italic>wza</italic>) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). While 76% of clinical isolates were resistant to three or more antimicrobials, 24% were classified as non-multidrug resistant (non-MDR). When biofilm-forming capacities of clinical isolates were tested, it was determined that the resistant-isolates produced 59.2% strong biofilm, and susceptible-isolates produced 12.5% strong biofilm. According to PCR results, carbapenemase genes were determined as follows: <italic>bla</italic>OXA−48-70%, <italic>bla</italic>NDM-49%, and <italic>bla</italic>KPC-19%, <italic>bla</italic>OXA-48/<italic>bla</italic>NDM/<italic>bla</italic>KPC-12%, <italic>bla</italic>OXA-48/<italic>bla</italic>NDM-26%, and <italic>bla</italic>OXA-48/<italic>bla</italic>KPC-4%. The biofilm-associated genes in bacterial isolates were determined as follows: <italic>lux</italic>S-98%, <italic>tre</italic>C-94%, <italic>mrk</italic>A-88%, and <italic>wza</italic>-15%. In addition, Hierarchical Clustering Tree and Heatmap analysis revealed an association between isolates that lacks resistance genes and isolates lacks biofilm-formation related genes that were included in MDR or non-MDR classes. As a result, biofilm should be considered in the treatment of MDR infections, and therapy should be planned accordingly. In addition, pursuing the data and genes of antibiotic resistance is significant for combating resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]