Optimizing MSW incineration bottom ash reuse: A study on treated wastewater washing and leaching control.

[Display omitted] • Treated wastewater effectively reduces leachable inorganics in IBA for open reuse. • Multi-step washing and screening align IBA properties with environmental standards. • Treatment reduces chloride contamination in IBA fractions by 83–89 %. • Sulfate contamination in IBA fractions decreases by 65–74 % after treatment. • Handling of fines and water generated after treatment processes is crucial. The current study introduces an innovative methodology by utilizing treated wastewater (TWW) from an effluent treatment plant as a washing agent to enhance the characteristics of incineration bottom ash (IBA). This approach addresses sustainability concerns and promotes the circular economy by reusing wastewater generated in municipal solid waste incineration facilities. Previous research has underscored the challenges of open IBA reuse due to elevated leaching of chlorides, sulfates, and trace metal(loid)s. Thus, the experimental setup explores various combinations of washing, with or without screening, to optimize the properties of soil-like material (SLM < 4.75 mm) and overall material (OM < 31.5 mm) fractions of IBA for unrestricted applications. Batch leaching tests were conducted on treated samples, and leaching characteristics were evaluated in accordance with regulatory standards, primarily the Dutch standard for unrestricted IBA reuse. The findings reveal that washing in isolation proves insufficient to enhance IBA properties; however, washing followed by screening, specifically for removing fines (<0.15 mm), proves effective in reducing contamination. The study identifies that multiple steps of washing and screening (with recirculation) process render OM and SLM fractions suitable for unrestricted reuse with a cumulative liquid-to-solid ratio of 6 L/kg and a total washing time of 15 min. The multi-step treatment was found effective in reducing sulfate contamination by 65–74 % and chloride contamination by 83–89 % in IBA fractions. This approach offers a promising solution for overcoming the limitations associated with IBA leaching, thereby promoting sustainable waste reuse practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]