Recent advances in the treatment of primary and secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

The article highlights upcoming potential treatments, which target different phases of inflammation and offer remyelinating strategies as well as direct and indirect neuroprotective and oligodendrocyte protective effects, providing a hopeful outlook for patients with primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS and SPMS). The review aims to identify potential treatments and ongoing clinical trials for PPMS and SPMS, and compare their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and side effects with current treatments. We reviewed ongoing clinical trials for PPMS and SPMS on the NIH website, as well as articles from PubMed, Embase, and clinicaltrails.gov since 2010. BTKIs like, tolebrutinib, and fenebrutinib are being explored as potential PMS treatments. Vidofludimus calcium, an orally available treatment, has shown a reduction of active and new MRI lesions. Other treatments like simvastatin, N -acetylcysteine (NAC), and alpha-lipoic acid are being explored for their antioxidant properties. AHSCT and mesenchymal stem cell therapy are experimental options for younger patients with high inflammatory activity. SPMS and PPMS are being studied for new treatments and future trials should consider combination therapies targeting inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal death, as the pathogenesis of PMS involves complex factors. • Currently 15 clinical trials investigating different drugs for progressive multiple sclerosis. • Ocrelizumab, masitinib and ibudilast show promise in the management of PPMS. • Lamotrigine and Opcinumab did not show any efficacy. • More research is need for effective and safe treatment options for PPMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]