Direct numerical simulations of supersonic flat-plate turbulent boundary layers with uniform blowing.

The effect of uniform blowing on a spatially developing flat-plate turbulent boundary layer at Mach 2.25 is investigated using direct numerical simulations. Two values of the wall blowing ratio are considered, corresponding to low and high blowing rates. Uniform blowing is found to significantly reduce the near-wall turbulence anisotropy, although the turbulent kinetic energy still exhibits near-wall asymptotic behavior and the Reynolds analogy is relatively insensitive to changes in the blowing ratio. The pre-multiplied spectra of turbulent kinetic energy production demonstrate that increasing the blowing ratio significantly energizes the large-scale structures in the outer region, while suppressing the inner small-scale structures. An increase in the blowing ratio also has a strong influence on the behavior of the fluctuating wall pressure, amplifying the fluctuation intensity and reducing the dominant frequencies in the power spectrum. Two-point space–time correlations indicate that the characteristic length scale of the pressure fluctuations increases with increasing blowing ratio, whereas the convection velocity exhibits the opposite trend. Analysis of the reduced mean wall heat flux reveals that it is dominated by the relative balance between the work of the Reynolds stress and the turbulent transport of heat, but is insensitive to uniform blowing. Importantly, bidimensional empirical mode decomposition of the turbulent structures highlights the increasingly dominant contributions related to the significantly energized outer large-scale structures in the blowing region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]