Indocyanine green-loaded N-doped carbon quantum dot nanoparticles for effective photodynamic therapy and cell imaging of melanoma cancer: <italic>in vitro</italic>, <italic>ex vivo</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> study.

AbstractBackgroundPurposeMethodsResultsIndocyanine Green (ICG) as an agent for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of melanoma cancer has low quantum yield, short circulation half-life, poor photo-stability, and tendency to aggregation.N-doped carbon quantum dot (CQD) nanoparticle was applied to encapsulate ICG and overcome ICG obstacle in PDT with simultaneous cell imaging property.CQD was prepared using hydrothermal method. Cell culture study and <italic>In vivo</italic> assessments on C57BL/6 mice containing melanoma cancer cells was performed.Results showed that CQD size slightly enhanced from 24.55 nm to 42.67 nm after ICG loading. Detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) demonstrated that CQD improved ICG photo-stability and ROS generation capacity upon laser irradiation. Cell culture study illustrated that ICG@CQD could decrease survival rate of melanoma cancer cells of B16F10 cell line from 48% for pure ICG to 28% for ICG@CQD. Confocal microscopy images approved more cellular uptake and more qualified cell imaging ability of ICG@CQD. <italic>In vivo</italic> assessments displayed obvious inhibitory effect of tumor growth for ICG@CQD in comparison to free ICG on the C57BL/6 mice. <italic>In vivo</italic> fluorescence images confirmed that ICG@CQD accumulates remarkably more than free ICG in tumor region. Finally, ICG@CQD was proposed as an innovative nanocarrier for PDT and diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]