Are we underestimating inner-megacity energy poverty in developing countries? Evidence from 2054 households in beijing, China.

The prevalence of poverty and inequality in megacities often manifests as high levels of energy poverty and disparities in household energy consumption. A comprehensive survey of 2054 households in Beijing was conducted in 2023 to examine the dynamics of energy poverty within such an urban settings. As one of the world's most influential megacities, Beijing offers a distinct and insightful case study for understanding energy poverty in a rapidly urbanizing global context. Utilizing the 10 % and low-cost/high-income (LIHC) methods, we estimated that the energy poverty rate in Beijing ranges between 16.07 % and 17.53 %, with the highest rates observed in suburban areas. In addition, we explored the spatial differences in energy poverty and the root causes. Our research reveals a significant correlation between economic and geographical factors and the spatial distribution of energy poverty. Furthermore, our findings suggest that larger populations tend to be associated with reduced disparities in energy poverty across different areas. Therefore, we suggest promoting the use of energy-efficient installations, implementing time-sensitive heating systems, and providing electricity and hygienic cooking facilities. • We surveyed 2054 households to measure energy poverty in Beijing, resulting in a range of 16.07–17.53 %. • The spatial structure of energy poverty is closely related to economic and geographical distance. • Energy expenditure, floor area, and heating methods significantly influence spatial differences in Beijing's energy poverty. • As Population size increases, household energy usage is shared, reducing spatial differences in energy poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]