Sociopragmatic variation in Britain: A corpus-based study of politeness.

British culture is said to be characterised by off-record or negative politeness and norms giving prominence to social distance. However, this assumes that politeness works in the same way across all British speakers and contexts. Work constituting variational pragmatics – a field at the interface of pragmatics and dialectology – has shown this to be an over-simplification. Using data from the Spoken British National Corpus 2014, this paper explores politeness variation across gender, age, region, population density, social class, highest educational qualification, and setting. We selected 50 key British conventionalised politeness formulae, each allotted to one of three different types of politeness (tentativeness, deference or solidarity), and differing levels of formality. Instances of these 50 formulae were retrieved from a subset based on setting (private; public; institutional), and then manually screened to remove non-genuine cases of politeness (e.g., sarcasm). We applied a mixed-effects multinominal logistic regression model to analyse the effect of each social variable on the use of politeness formulae. Clear differences across politeness types and levels of formality emerged, particularly with regard to differences between genders, population density (i.e., metropolitan vs. urban), and setting. We offer a series of explanations for each finding. • Demonstrated a corpus-based method for tracking politeness across social variables. • Men use more politeness formulae than women, largely due to vocative mate. • Rural speakers use more politeness formulae than those in large metropolitan areas. • Politeness usage increases in private compared to public/institutional settings. • Women's politeness usage decreases in the institutional setting specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]