WBAN channel characteristics between capsule endoscope and receiving directive UWB on-body antennas.

Healthcare systems make extensive use of Body Area Networks (BANs) and Microwave Imaging (MI) technology. This work presents a dual-functional small ultra wideband (UWB) antenna with a high on-body and off-body fidelity factor. In order to obtain the greatest degree of fidelity factor in both the E-and H-plane, the antenna's design strategy is based on analysing the return loss, the antenna's gain, the phase of S21, and the group delay throughout the UWB frequency range, at each designing stage. The final design (Ant. 3) has an elliptic ground plane of 16×20 mm2 overall, and a circular ring with six crossing rings in the radiating element. The superior performance of Ant. 3 in the FCC UWB bandwidth of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz in terms of return loss and fidelity factor (more than 0.9 at all angles) is shown by both simulations and experimental evaluations conducted in free space and onbody. The final design exhibits a fidelity factor more than 0.93 in the vicinity of the human arm for body area communication. Additionally, a conical breast model surrounds a 12-element Ant. 3 array for breast cancer detection application. The findings demonstrate the antenna's potential ability to identify benign tumours with an average diameter of 3 mm and malignant tumors with an average diameter of 6 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]