With Effort (jahd) to Error (jahl): Two New Approaches to the Interpretation of Jihād in West Africa.

The article offers information on new approaches to the interpretation of jihad in West Africa, as presented in books by scholars. Topics include the contradictory messages of the two books, one focusing on the spiritual aspect of jihad in Sufi movements and the other emphasizing historical and geographical aspects, bridging history, anthropology, and Islamic studies.