Innovation of TiO2-x Nanomaterials in the Biomedical Field: Synthesis, Properties, and Application Prospects.

• This review incorporates the breakthroughs in biomedical applications of TiO 2-x related nanomaterials. • It conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of TiO 2-x related nanomaterials. • This review provides a new perspective on TiO 2-x related nanomaterials for future medical strategies. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) is a crucial semiconductor material that is inexpensive, highly stable, and exhibits robust photocatalytic capabilities. Due to these properties, TiO 2 has been widely researched and applied in various scientific and technological fields, such as nanomedicine, hydrogen production, and solar cell technology. However, the practical applications of TiO 2 are limited due to several factors, such as the wide bandgap of TiO 2 and the rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs; in addition, the photocatalytic efficiency must be improved and concerns about the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) excitation on the human body must be addressed. To overcome these challenges, researchers have recently employed innovative strategies, such as the removal of oxygen atoms or the introduction of hydrogen, to successfully synthesize reducible titanium dioxide (TiO 2-x). These approaches have altered the crystal structure and chemical properties of TiO 2. The modifications in the optical properties significantly expanded the absorption range of TiO 2-x and achieved efficient electron-hole pair separation, thereby enhancing its operational efficiency. Additionally, changes in the chemical properties of TiO 2 have broadened its application domains. Recently, TiO 2-x nanomaterials have demonstrated vast potential applications, such as enhanced photodynamic antibacterial therapy, photothermal therapy for cancer, and tissue regeneration for tissue defect repair, in various fields, particularly in the biomedical domain. These strategies have addressed the limitations of traditional treatment approaches and have achieved improved therapeutic outcomes. However, a thorough analysis of the use of TiO 2-x in this field is currently lacking, and knowledge within the academic community regarding the breakthroughs, advancements, and new functionalities of TiO 2-x remains relatively limited. Therefore, the primary focus of this paper is to explore the preparation methods and functional properties of TiO 2-x nanomaterials. In particular, their applications and research advancements in the biomedical field are emphasized. Furthermore, a detailed summary and discussion of the opportunities and potential challenges of TiO 2-x nanosystems in future biomedical applications are also presented. In summary, based on their tuneable properties, TiO 2-x nanosystems hold significant potential in the field of biomedicine. With further research and technological innovation, we believe that this nanomaterial will contribute to revolutionary innovations and advancements in the field of biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]