Neoantigens and cancer-testis antigens as promising vaccine candidates for triple-negative breast cancer: Delivery strategies and clinical trials.

Immunotherapy is gaining prominence as a promising strategy for treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Neoantigens (neoAgs) and cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are tumor-specific targets originating from somatic mutations and epigenetic changes in cancer cells. These antigens hold great promise for personalized cancer vaccines, as supported by preclinical and early clinical evidence in TNBC. This review delves into the potential of neoAgs and CTAs as vaccine candidates, emphasizing diverse strategies and delivery approaches. It also highlights the current status of vaccination modalities undergoing clinical trials in TNBC therapy. A comprehensive understanding of neoAgs, CTAs, vaccination strategies, and innovative delivery methods is crucial for optimizing neoAg-based immunotherapies in clinical practice. [Display omitted] • Neoantigens and cancer-testis antigens are promising vaccine candidates for triple-negative breast cancer. • NeoAgs and cancer testis antigens expression in triple-negative breast cancer can be enhanced. • Various vaccine delivery strategies for breast cancer have been developed and tested in clinical trials. • Targeted therapies can improve triple-negative breast cancer management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]