The effects of maternal competence and situational stress level on children's help-seeking expectations across 4 to 6 years of age.

• We examined the effects of maternal competence and situational stress on preschool children's help-seeking expectations. • Young children expected to seek more help from competent mothers than the incompetent ones in the low-stress condition. • They expected to seek help in high-stress conditions regardless of the maternal competence. • Young children seek help from mothers in a discriminatory way. Help-seeking is a crucial problem-solving strategy for young children. However, it is not yet clear how children weigh different cues to make help-seeking decisions across preschool years, especially in caregiver–child interactions. The current study used a social expectation task to examine the effects of maternal competence and situational stress level on 4- to 6-year-old children's help-seeking expectations from a third-party perspective. Children's expectations of whether to seek help were measured. A total fo 135 Han Chinese children aged 4 to 6 years from an eastern city of China participated in this study. We found that 4- to 6-year-olds expected to seek more help from a competent mother than from an incompetent mother in low-stress conditions. When the stress level was high, however, they expected to seek help regardless of maternal competence levels. These results suggest that the interaction between the situational stress level and maternal competence determines young children's help-seeking expectations across preschool years. They further suggest that young children seek help from mothers in an active and discriminatory way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]