Liner disruption recovery problem with emission control area policies.

Enhancing the liner shipping resilience under high marine environmental requirements is essential in routine operations. However, operations are often affected by unforced events, which cause the occurrence of disruptions. Therefore, disruption recovery is essential in enhancing liner operations' resilience with emission control area policies. This paper focuses on the liner disruption recovery problem, allowing a mode of different fuel types and sailing speeds inside and outside emission control areas. An improved solution performance model based on a redundancy-reduced time–space network is proposed. Numerical studies based on a real route show that the mode can realize a lower-cost recovery of the liner shipping schedule. Meanwhile, the fuel cost inside ECA is reduced by at least 4.81%. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of emission control area boundary changes on disruption recovery, providing decision support for emission control area regulators' policy-making. The research improves maritime transportation resilience under high environmental requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]