Microbial-assisted remediation approach for neonicotinoids from polluted environment.

Background: Neonicotinoids are a group of synthetic insecticides that are highly effective and have a wide range of insecticidal activities. This group includes acetamiprid, dinotefuran, clothianidin, imidacloprid, sulfoxaflor, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, and thiacloprid. They are extensively used worldwide, both in rural and urban environments. However, the widespread use of neonicotinoids has led to their accumulation and biomagnification in the environment due to their long half-life. This has resulted in the emergence of toxicological and hazardous pollutants, posing significant risks to humans and non-target animals. Neonicotinoids are a type of insecticides that bind to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This mechanism allows them to effectively activate insect nAChRs while having minimal impact on vertebrate nAChRs. This reduces the risk of toxicity and makes them safer for non-target species. However, the presence of neonicotinoids in the environment can still increase the risk of toxicity and exposure. Although they have low affinity for mammalian nAChRs, concerns arise due to the abundance, diversity, and widespread presence of these receptors, as well as their various functions. These factors raise concerns about the potential impact of these pesticides on unintended species. Therefore, it is crucial to remove neonicotinoids from the environment in a sustainable and methodical manner. Various techniques can be employed to eliminate neonicotinoid residues in soil and aquatic habitats. These techniques include physiochemical remediation methods such as advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, oxidation, Fenton technology, photocatalysis, and activated persulfate-based oxidation. Additionally, microbial remediation techniques involving bacteria, fungi, and microalgae can also be utilized. This review aims to focus on the scientific foundation, advancements, and key topics related to microbial remediation technologies for neonicotinoids. Proper implementation of bioremediation techniques can significantly reduce the harmful effects of neonicotinoids on the environment and human health. Short conclusion: The main focus of this review is the new studies on the bioremediation of neonicotinoids by bacteria, fungi, and microalgae, and the role of their enzymes. This topic is gaining importance as pesticide bioremediation techniques become increasingly significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]