Locus coeruleus noradrenaline depletion and its differential impact on CO2-induced panic and hyperventilation in male and female mice.

CO 2 exposure has been used to investigate the panicogenic response in patients with panic disorder. These patients are more sensitive to CO 2 , and more likely to experience the "false suffocation alarm" which triggers panic attacks. Imbalances in locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NA) neurotransmission are responsible for psychiatric disorders, including panic disorder. These neurons are sensitive to changes in CO 2 /pH. Therefore, we investigated if LC-NA neurons are differentially activated after severe hypercapnia in mice. Further, we evaluated the participation of LC-NA neurons in ventilatory and panic-like escape responses induced by 20% CO 2 in male and female wild type mice and two mouse models of altered LC-NA synthesis. Hypercapnia activates the LC-NA neurons, with males presenting a heightened level of activation. Mutant males lacking or with reduced LC-NA synthesis showed hypoventilation, while animals lacking LC noradrenaline present an increased metabolic rate compared to wild type in normocapnia. When exposed to CO 2 , males lacking LC noradrenaline showed a lower respiratory frequency compared to control animals. On the other hand, females lacking LC noradrenaline presented a higher tidal volume. Nevertheless, no change in ventilation was observed in either sex. CO 2 evoked an active escape response. Mice lacking LC noradrenaline had a blunted jumping response and an increased freezing duration compared to the other groups. They also presented fewer racing episodes compared to wild type animals, but not different from mice with reduced LC noradrenaline. These findings suggest that LC-NA has an important role in ventilatory and panic-like escape responses elicited by CO 2 exposure in mice. • Hypercapnia activates the LC-NA neurons, with males presenting a heightened level of activation. • Mutant males lacking or with reduced LC-NA synthesis showed hypoventilation. • Mutant males lacking LC-NA systhesis had a lower respiratory frequency, while mutant females showed a higher tidal volume under CO 2. • Mice lacking LC noradrenaline had a blunted jumping response and an increased freezing duration compared to the other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]