Time-varying parameters induced extreme events in Liénard systems and network.

In this study, we have explored the effect of time-varying parameters in a forced Liénard system. The system exhibits extreme events that manifest occasional large deviations from the bounded motion. In the absence of time-varying parameters, the system shows either a chaotic or periodic state. However, with the influence of parametric perturbation, the system elucidates rare large amplitude dynamics that appear at irregular time intervals. The emergence of extreme events and their transitions are characterized using various dynamical and statistical measures. The parametric perturbation is also applied to different parameters in the system, and their relevant dynamics are evaluated. We extended our study into a network of Liénard systems that exemplify the impact of time-varying parameters in the emergence of extreme events in the oscillatory network. • The advent of extreme events in the Liénard systems with time-varying parameters. • Formation of unexpected events when system parameters are far from transition points. • Extreme events are commonly identified regardless of the number of systems involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]