Navigating acceptance and controversy of transport policies.

• This study updates knowledge surrounding transport policies. • A wide range of transport policies is evaluated. • Three policy components are identified: "traditional pull policies", "car-based push policies" and "emerging policies". • The LCA uncovers six distinct classes, illustrating a spectrum of preferences and attitudes. • The findings show potential for more radical transport policies compared to today's policy landscape. The current study contributes to the literature by exploring the acceptance and controversy surrounding different transport policies, examining how public preferences/attitudes explain these dispositions in the context of transitions towards more sustainable transport systems. A random and representative Norwegian-population-based sample (n = 1002) was used for the analysis purpose. A two-fold approach is employed. A principal component analysis is performed first to determine which transport policies (20 policies) are homogeneously evaluated. Secondly, a latent class analysis is used to classify unobserved subgroups of people and distinguish classes of acceptance/controversy patterns. We identify three distinct components of public evaluations of transport policies: "traditional pull policies" focusing on non-restrictive strategies such as incentives for public transport; "car-based push policies" focusing on actively limiting car use; and "emerging policies" focusing on innovative technologies such as electrification and automation. The latent class analysis uncovers six distinct classes, illustrating a spectrum of preferences and attitudes. These classes encompass individuals ranging from strong opposition and neutrality to strong support for various policy types. A highly environmentally conscious class, characterized by higher education levels, strongly supports diverse transport policies, including push and emerging measures, showcasing a commitment to sustainability and readiness for personal sacrifices. However, challenges arise from a class that strongly opposes all types of policies, including traditional pull measures. This class exhibits robust expectations and concerns about policy (features) impacts such as clarity, effectiveness, and fairness, and it is skewed towards a higher proportion of men, with relatively older members. Moreover, they have concerns that such policies might cause adverse consequences for them, such as additional travel time and reduced social interactions. In conclusion, the diverse patterns identified within the population highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to developing transport policies. For the transition towards more sustainable transport systems, the findings show potential for more radical transport policies compared to today's policy landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]