Ultrasound-tensiometry: A new method for measuring differential loading within a tendon during movement.

Tendons transmit tensile load from muscles to the skeleton. Differential loading across a tendon can occur, especially when it contains subtendons originating from distinct muscles. Tendon shear wave speed has previously been shown to reflect local tensile stress. Hence, a tool that measures spatial variations in wave speed may reflect differential loading within a tendon during human movement. Do wave speeds measured via high-framerate ultrasound-based tensiometry correspond with differential loading across a tendon? Ultrasound-tensiometry uses an external mechanical actuator to induce waves and high-framerate plane wave ultrasound imaging (20 kHz) to track tissue displacements arising from wave propagation within a tendon. Local tissue displacements are temporally and spatially filtered to remove high-frequency noise and reflected waves. A Radon transform of the spatio-temporal displacement data is used to compute the shear wave speed across the tendon. We evaluated ultrasound-tensiometry's ability to measure differential loading across a tendon using in silico , ex vivo and in vivo approaches. The in silico approach used a finite element model to simulate wave propagation along two adjacent subtendons undergoing differential loading. The ex vivo experiment measured wave speed in adjacent porcine flexor subtendons subjected to differential loading. In vivo , we tracked wave speed across the Achilles tendon while a participant performed calf stretches to differentially load the subtendons, and while walking on a treadmill at 1.5 m/s. Wave speeds modulated with local tendon stress under both in silico and ex vivo conditions, with higher wave speeds observed in subtendons subjected to higher loads (6–16 m/s higher at 1.5× load differential). Spatial variations in in vivo Achilles tendon wave speeds were consistent with differential subtendon loading arising from distinct muscle loads (maximum range: 0–137 m/s, resolution: 0.1 mm×0.2 mm, precision: ±0.2 m/s). High-framerate ultrasound-tensiometry tracks spatial variations in tendon wave speed, which may be useful to investigate local tissue loading and to delineate individual muscle contributions to movement. • Ultrasound-tensiometry combines a mechanical tap with high-framerate ultrasound to measure spatial variations in shear wave speed within a tendon. • Measured spatial variations in wave speed indicate non-uniform loading within a tendon. • These measurements will improve our understanding of muscle-tendon function during dynamic movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]