Non-invasive brain stimulation in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is an emerging intervention that has been used to treat various mental illnesses. However, previous studies have not comprehensively compared the efficacies of various NIBS modalities in alleviating anxiety symptoms among patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Therefore, this study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of NIBS for patients with GAD. A systematic search of four major bibliographic databases (Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library) was conducted from inception dates to November 26, 2023 to identify eligible studies. The data were analyzed using a random-effects model. Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis. Significant differences were found in changes in Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HARS) scores, study-defined response, and remission between the intervention and control groups. Moreover, the intervention groups experienced a significantly higher frequency of headaches. The results revealed that interventions improved GAD compared to control groups. cTBS and rTMS exhibited better treatment efficacy than tDCS, which did not appear to have a significant therapeutic effect. Longer follow-up periods and larger sample sizes are required in future RCTs. This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered at PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ , CRD42023466285). • Systematic review and meta-analysis of NIBS techniques, including cTBS, rTMS, and tDCS, for treating GAD. • NIBS significantly reduces anxiety symptoms and improves response and remission rates. • The efficacy is notably contingent on the stimulation types employed. • Discerning headaches as an adverse event exhibited notable statistical disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]