Gaussian Process Regression‐Based Bayesian Optimisation (G‐BO) of Model Parameters—A WRF Model Case Study of Southeast Australia Heat Extremes.

In Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, parameter uncertainty in physics parameterization schemes significantly impacts model output. Our study adopts a Bayesian probabilistic approach, building on prior research that identified temperature (T) and relative humidity (Rh) as sensitive to three key WRF parameters during southeast Australia's extreme heat events. Using Gaussian process regression‐based Bayesian Optimisation (G‐BO), we accurately estimated the optimal distributions for these parameters. Results show that the default values are outside their corresponding optimal distribution bounds for two of the three parameters, suggesting the need to reconsider these default values. Additionally, the robustness of the optimal parameter distributions is validated by their application to an independent extreme heat event, not included in the optimisation process. In this test, the optimized parameters substantially improved the simulation of T and Rh, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing simulation accuracy during extreme heat conditions. Plain Language Summary: This study aims to enhance the accuracy of a numerical weather model called the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, especially for simulating extreme heat events in Southeast Australia. Typically, the accuracy of such models depends on specific settings, which are often set to default values. Our research used a method known as Gaussian process regression‐based Bayesian Optimisation (G‐BO) to determine the best range of values for these settings. We found that the default settings were not optimal. By applying G‐BO, we identified more effective values that substantially improved the model's simulations of temperature and humidity during heat extremes. This improvement was consistent even when tested on an independent extreme heat event. These advancements are vital for more accurate weather forecasting, which is essential for emergency services, electricity management, and agriculture planning during extreme heat conditions. Key Points: Our study optimizes WRF model parameters for Southeast Australia heat extremes, enhancing the accuracy of the model simulationG‐BO method finds optimal parameter ranges, substantially improving the simulation of temperature and humidityResults suggest updating WRF model's default settings for better extreme heat event simulations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]