Ozone strengthens the ex vivo but weakens the in vivo pathway of the microbial carbon pump in poplar plantations.

Elevated ozone (eO 3) and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are important climate change components that can affect plant growth and plant-soil-microbe interactions. However, the understanding of how eO 3 and its interaction with N deposition affect soil microbially mediated carbon (C) cycling and the fate of soil C stocks is limited. This study aimed to test how eO 3 and N deposition affected soil microbial metrics (i.e., respiration, enzyme activities, biomass, necromass, and community composition) and resulting soil organic C (SOC) fractions in the rhizosphere of poplar plantations with different sensitivity to O 3. Exposure to O 3 and/or N deposition for four years was conducted within a free-air O 3 concentration-enrichment facility. Elevated O 3 reduced soil microbial respiration and biomass C but enhanced the enzymatic acquisition of C (i.e., potential soil hydrolase and oxidase activity) and shifted to a fungi-dominated community composition. These responses suggest that microbial C availability decreased and microbes allocated more energy to obtain C and nutrients from biochemically resistant substrates under eO 3. Elevated O 3 decreased bacterial necromass C and total necromass C, which could explain the observed decreases in mineral-associated organic C and SOC. The effects of eO 3 on soil microbial C availability and community composition were strengthened by N addition, whereas there were no differences in the below-ground effects of eO 3 between the two poplar clones. Taken together, the increased soil extracellular enzyme activities and slightly increased particulate organic C content suggest that the microbial C pump pathway via microbial ex vivo modification was strengthened by eO 3 , whereas the pathway via microbial in vivo turnover was weakened, as suggested by the decreases in soil microbial respiration, biomass, necromass, and mineral-associated organic C. Our study provides evidence that aboveground eO 3 effects on trees may affect belowground microbial processing of organic matter and ultimately the persistence of SOC. • Poplar plantations were exposed to elevated O 3 and N. • O 3 treatment increased soil enzyme activity and fungal abundance. • O 3 treatment reduced microbial respiration, biomass, and necromass. • O 3 treatment decreased soil mineral-associated rather than particulate organic carbon. • N addition strengthened O 3 effects on soil microbial C availability and community composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]