DIPHORM: An Innovative DIgital PHOtogrammetRic Monitoring Technique for Detecting Surficial Displacements of Landslides.

Monitoring surface displacements of landslides is essential for evaluating their evolution and the effectiveness of mitigation works. Traditional methods like robotic total stations (RTSs) and GNSS provide high-accuracy measurements but are limited to discrete points, potentially missing the broader landslide's behavior. On the contrary, laser scanner surveys offer accurate 3D representations of slopes and the possibility of inferring their movements, but they are often limited to infrequent, high-cost surveys. Monitoring techniques based on ground-based digital photogrammetry may represent a new, robust, and cost-effective alternative. This study demonstrates the use of multi-temporal images from fixed and calibrated cameras to achieve the 3D reconstruction of landslide displacements. The method presented offers the important benefit of obtaining spatially dense displacement data across the entire camera view and quasi-continuous temporal measurement. This paper outlines the framework for this prototyping technique, along with a description of the necessary hardware and procedural steps. Furthermore, strengths and weaknesses are discussed based on the activities carried out in a landslide case study in northeastern Italy. The results from the photo-monitoring are reported, discussed, and compared with traditional topographical data, validating the reliability of this new approach in monitoring the time evolution of surface displacements across the entire landslide area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]