Clinical Modalities for Enhancing Reproductive Efficiency in Buffaloes: A Review and Practical Aspects for Veterinary Practitioners.

Simple Summary: This review considers two key areas of reproductive management in buffaloes: assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques, including estrous synchronization (ES) and artificial insemination (AI), and clinical approaches for functional and inflammatory reproductive diseases. It covers methods to induce ovulation and corpus luteum formation in buffaloes, and addresses prevalent reproductive pathologies like retained placenta, metritis, anestrus, and repeat breeding. This review highlights the importance of effective reproductive management strategies to enhance fertility and overall herd productivity in buffalo farming. This review aimed to bring a comprehensive analysis of key clinical strategies for enhancing reproductive efficiency in buffaloes, a species that exhibit low reproductive performance under conventional reproductive management compared to that exhibited by cattle. It considers key ART techniques including estrus synchronization for artificial insemination, and ovulation induction, highlighting their role in improving fertility and overall herd productivity. However, it also addresses common postpartum inflammatory and functional reproductive disorders, discussing their diagnosis and treatment protocols, stressing their impact on the overall reproductive outcome in buffalo farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]