Repeated passive heat treatment increases muscle tissue capillarization, but does not affect postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older adults.

Key points Prolonged passive heat treatment (PHT) has been suggested to trigger skeletal muscle adaptations that may improve muscle maintenance in older individuals. To assess the effects of PHT on skeletal muscle tissue capillarization, perfusion capacity, protein synthesis rates, hypertrophy and leg strength, 14 older adults (9 males, 5 females; 73 ± 6 years) underwent 8 weeks of PHT (infrared sauna: 3× per week, 45 min at ∼60°C). Before and after PHT we collected muscle biopsies to assess skeletal muscle capillarization and fibre cross‐sectional area (CSA). Basal and postprandial muscle tissue perfusion kinetics and protein synthesis rates were assessed using contrast‐enhanced ultrasound and primed continuous l‐[<italic>ring</italic>‐13C6]phenylalanine infusions, respectively. One‐repetition maximum (1RM) leg strength and vastus lateralis muscle CSA were assessed. Type I and type II muscle fibre capillarization strongly increased following PHT (capillary‐to‐fibre perimeter exchange index: +31 ± 18 and +33 ± 30%, respectively; <italic>P < </italic>0.001). No changes were observed in basal (0.24 ± 0.27 <italic>vs</italic>. 0.18 ± 0.11 AU; <italic>P = </italic>0.266) or postprandial (0.20 ± 0.12 <italic>vs</italic>. 0.18 ± 0.14 AU; <italic>P = </italic>0.717) microvascular blood flow following PHT. Basal (0.048 ± 0.014 <italic>vs</italic>. 0.051 ± 0.019%/h; <italic>P = </italic>0.630) and postprandial (0.041 ± 0.012 <italic>vs</italic>. 0.051 ± 0.024%/h; <italic>P = </italic>0.199) muscle protein synthesis rates did not change in response to prolonged PHT. Furthermore, no changes in vastus lateralis muscle CSA (15.3 ± 4.6 <italic>vs</italic>. 15.2 ± 4.6 cm2; <italic>P = </italic>0.768) or 1RM leg strength (46 ± 12 <italic>vs</italic>. 47 ± 12 kg; <italic>P = </italic>0.087) were observed over time. In conclusion, prolonged PHT increases muscle tissue capillarization but this does not improve muscle microvascular blood flow or increase muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy, older adults. Prolonged PHT does not induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy or increase leg strength in healthy, older adults. Repeated exposure to heat has been suggested to trigger skeletal muscle adaptive responses. We investigated the effect of 8 weeks of whole‐body passive heat treatment (PHT; infrared sauna: 3× per week for 45 min at ∼60°C) on skeletal muscle tissue capillarization, perfusion capacity, basal, and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle (fibre) hypertrophy, and leg strength in healthy, older adults. Prolonged PHT increases muscle tissue capillarization, but this does not improve muscle microvascular blood flow or increase muscle protein synthesis rates. Despite increases in muscle tissue capillarization, prolonged PHT does not suffice to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy or increase leg strength in healthy, older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]