Two-stage optimal PMU placement for distribution systems.

The rapid growth of distributed energy resources has highlighted the importance of monitoring the system state of distribution networks. One key technology that enhances observability in distribution systems is the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). However, there are still challenges in effectively deploying PMUs in practice. One challenge is the solution multiplicity in optimal PMU placement (OPP). Another challenge arises from the limited deployment space available at distribution nodes, leading to incomplete observability and the need for optimization to ensure node observability. To address the challenge of solution multiplicity, this work proposes a two-stage OPP approach that considers critical node observability. The first stage optimization model determines the minimum number of PMUs required to meet observability requirements. The second stage model identifies the solution with the greatest observability redundancy while satisfying practical constraints. To validate the effectiveness of our approach, this work conducts simulations using both IEEE testing systems and a real-world distribution feeder. These simulations provide empirical evidence of the benefits of the proposed OPP model and demonstrate its applicability in practical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]