Anemia în insuficienţa renală cronică la câine.

Non-regenerative normocytic normochromic anemia is frequently observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and becomes a common finding in the advanced stages of the disease (stages 3 and 4 according to the International Renal Interest Society), negatively affecting the quality of life in dogs. In both humans and dogs with CKD, anemia has multiple causes, with the main one being erythropoietic hypoproliferation, resulting from a relative insufficiency of erythropoietin (EPO) production by the kidneys. Additional contributing factors include functional iron deficiency, nutritional imbalances caused by hyporexia or anorexia, and gastrointestinal bleeding, whether visible or occult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]