Advancements and challenges in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models are indispensable tools to understand the regulatory mechanisms of AD pathogenesis and to evaluate the potential therapeutic strategies in preclinical studies, although they rarely recapitulate the entire spectrum of AD pathological features. Most of the commonly used AD mouse models are developed by overexpressing genetic mutations implicated in familial AD, which accounts for less than 1% of all AD cases, and these models represent an extreme condition that would not occur in human patients with AD. On the basis of multiple humanized sporadic AD genetic risk factors, novel mouse models have increasingly been developed in an attempt to capture the trajectory and progression of AD more accurately. Despite numerous advantages, AD mouse models have their intrinsic limitations in translating preclinical findings to human clinical trials. Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant health challenge worldwide, and the development of effective treatments necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology. Mouse models have been instrumental in offering insights into the crucial pathogenesis of AD. However, current models rarely recapitulate all aspects of AD pathology in patients; thus, translating the findings from mouse to human clinical trials has proved to be complex. In this review, we outline the development of some prevalently used AD mice, with a particular emphasis on the latest advances in newly generated models. In addition, we discuss the advantages and limitations in mouse models of AD and their applications in blood-based biomarkers. Finally, we speculate on potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]