State-of-the-art on the production and application of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles.

Carbon nanomaterials with unique morphology and size effects have received considerable attention in a number of fields. Lignin is the most abundant natural polyphenolic compound in nature, accounting for approximately 10–35 % of the total cell wall content and approximately 30 % of the earth's organic carbon content. Owing to its unique molecular structure, lignin is readily transformed into nanoparticles, which renders it an optimal raw material for carbon nanoparticles. For the past few years, there has been a rapid advancement in the field of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles has been rapidly developed. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in this area, with a particular focus on the design, preparation, structure and applications of these particles. The review highlights the advantages of carbon particles and nano-size. The investigation of the structural and physical characteristics of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles has identified a range of potential applications, including in catalytic processes, energy storage, and bio-imaging. Despite the promising design and potential applications of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles, the challenges associated with this field are also highlighted, with the objective of developing a wider range of solutions for lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles in efficient and large-scale industrial applications. • Lignin is increasingly reported as a raw material for carbon nanoparticles. • An overview of the preparation of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles is provided. • Applications of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles are summarized. • Opportunities and challenges of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]