β‐Blockers and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Aims Methods Results Conclusions This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the association between β‐blocker use and neuropsychiatric adverse events, specifically focusing on short‐term outcomes.A comprehensive literature search identified studies reporting neuropsychiatric outcomes in patients using β‐blockers, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for outcomes such as dizziness, insomnia, nightmares, drowsiness and delirium.Our analysis revealed that β‐blocker use was significantly associated with an increased risk of dizziness (RR 1.72, 95% CI [1.39–2.14]; <italic>I</italic>2 = 1%, 14 studies) compared to placebo. Lipophilic β‐blockers, especially propranolol, showed an even greater risk of dizziness (RR 3.13, 95% CI [1.44–6.84]; <italic>I</italic>2 = 0%, three studies). Propranolol was also associated with increased insomnia risk compared to placebo (RR 1.13, 95% CI [1.00–1.28]; <italic>I</italic>2 = 0%, five studies). Our data did not show statistically significant increases in the reports of nightmares and somnolence. Other adverse effects, including drowsiness, sleep disturbances, hallucinations and delirium, were noted.Our findings suggest a significant association between β‐blocker use and an increased risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events, particularly insomnia and dizziness with higher risks associated with lipophilic β‐blocker use. Given the ambiguity surrounding dizziness and its classification as a neuropsychiatric effect, our findings are exploratory, and we cannot exclude a potential cardiovascular origin for dizziness. Most studies (75%) were published before the CONSORT statement in 1996, indicating potential reporting limitations and a lack of recent research. Additionally, 60% of studies had a high risk of bias, underscoring the need for more rigorous and contemporary investigations into the neuropsychiatric implications of β‐blocker use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]