Animal models of multiple system atrophy

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder presenting with autonomic failure and motor impairment, primarily comprising l-dopa-resistant parkinsonism but occasionally involving cerebellar ataxia. These features result from progressive multisystem neuronal loss that is associated with oligodendroglial α-synuclein inclusions. The growing number of animal models for MSA reflects the search for a preclinical test-bed for elucidating MSA pathogenesis and for developing novel therapeutic interventions. Here, the currently available MSA animal models will be reviewed and leads for future research will be identified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]