Exploring the Effect of a Wavy Sea Surface on NLOS-UOWC Systems: A Novel Deterministic Approach.

This work presents a novel approach to modeling an underwater optical wireless communications (UOWC) channel based on a deterministic analysis specifically for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) configurations. The model considers the presence of a wavy ocean surface, providing a more accurate representation of realistic conditions. By expanding the possibilities for communication in complex underwater environments, our model offers a comprehensive analysis of the ocean waves' impact. A significant achievement of this study is the capacity of the model to accurately compute the variable size of the width of the beam (footprint) on the receiver plane reflected by the sea surface and the time intervals during which the receiver remains illuminated. Additionally, the model determines the precise position of the reflected beam on the receiver plane and accurately identifies the time intervals during which communication is feasible, offering invaluable insight into the system performance under oceanic wave variability. The results confirmed that oceanic wave variability induces severe misalignment in optical links, creating intermittent opportunities for effective communication. The optical–geometric analysis contributed significantly to understanding the novel impact of ocean waves on NLOS-UOWC systems. These findings enhance the preliminary considerations in NLOS link design, particularly in scenarios with autonomous underwater vehicles in constant motion, aiding in the reduction of pointing errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]