The Data Doughnut and the Software Hole.

The article focuses on some factors that cause the failure of computer software. These factors break down into the categories of project management, project implementation and project metamanagement. Some of these factors are unarticulated project goals, inaccurate estimates of needed resources, badly defined systems requirements, sloppy development practices, poor communication among customers, developers and users, poor reporting of the project's status, unmanaged risks, stakeholder politics and commercial pressures.