Some methodological questions concerning advection measurements: a case study.

A dataset from two campaigns conducted at the Vielsalm experimental site in Belgium was used as a basis for discussing some methodological problems and providing intermediate results on estimating CO2 advection. The analysis focused on the horizontal [CO2] gradient and on the vertical velocity w, the variables most affected by uncertainty. The sampling error for half-hourly horizontal [CO2] gradients was estimated to be 1.3 μmol mol−1. Despite this important random error for half-hour estimations of [CO2], the mean horizontal [CO2] gradients in advective conditions were shown to be representative at the ecosystem scale and to extend only to the lowest part of a drainage sub-layer, which developed in the trunk space. By contrast, under daytime conditions, this gradient was shown to be more sensitive to local source heterogeneities. The estimation of the short-term averaged vertical velocity ( $$\bar{w})$$ was the greater source of error when computing advection terms. The traditional correction methods used to obtain $$\bar{w}$$ are discussed and a (co)sine correction is tested to highlight the instrumental origin of the offset in w. A comparison of measurements by sonic anemometers placed close together above the canopy showed that the uncertainty on $$\bar{w}$$ was 0.042 m s−1, which is of the same order of magnitude as the velocity itself. In addition, as the drainage sub-layer is limited to the lowest part of the canopy, the representativeness of $$\bar{w}$$ is questionable. An alternative computation using the divergence of the horizontal wind speed in the trunk space produced a $$\bar{w}$$ estimation that was four times lower than the single-point measurement. However, this value gives a more realistic estimate of the vertical advection term and improves the CO2 budget closure at the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]