Blood Relatives: Language, Immigration, and Education of Ethnic Returnees in Germany and Japan.

The article discusses the comparative study of the immigrant and citizenship policies for ethnic returnees including the Aussiedler in Germany and Nikkeijin in Japan. It informs that Aussiedler could obtain citizenship, compulsory education, financial and housing support and extensive, free language classes, while Nikkeijin could acquire volunteer language classes, limited educational opportunities and no political, financial or housing support from the government. It was suggested that educational policies should adapt citizenship education and humanities curriculum with expanded borders of citizenship and ethnicity. The policies of both countries have been based on jus sanguinis, the principle that one's nationality at birth is the same as that of one's biological parents.