THE BIRTH OF CHINA'S TRAGEDY.

The article evaluates the 1911 Chinese republican revolt against the imperial government of China's Qing dynasty. The author primarily focuses on the ways in which the revolt caused a period of suffering in the country. The revolt's similarity to an ethnic conflict between Han Chinese and Manchus is explained. The author notes that the revolt wasn't a populist one, but rather was influenced by Chinese landholders and middle class urbanites. The eventual election of army commander Yuan Shikai to the Chinese presidency is evaluated, with the author noting that his rule did not bring about the republican reforms sought for by revolutionaries.