Chemical Synthesis of Integral Membrane Proteins: Methods and Applications.

The development of efficient chemical methods for total synthesis or semisynthesis of integral membrane proteins is an important challenge at the interface between chemistry and biology. This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis of integral membrane proteins, with particular focus on the methods for difficult peptide synthesis, purification, and enhancement of peptide solubility under the ligation conditions. The applications of these methods to the synthesis of integral membrane proteins with one or multiple transmembrane domains are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]