INDEPENDENCE, CONGRESSIONAL WEAKNESS, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF APPOINTMENT: THE IMPACT OF COMBINING BUDGETARY AUTONOMY WITH REMOVAL PROTECTION.

The article discusses independent agencies in the U.S. as of May 2012, focusing on the control exerted over them by the U.S. President and the U.S. Congress through the appropriations process, as well as an analysis of the weakness of budgetary control substitutes. The issue of self-funding for independent agencies is also examined. The U.S. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act's creation of the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is analyzed.