Preference for mirror images and video image in Java sparrows (Padda oryzivora)

Java sparrows were exposed to a mirror and a frosted mirror, a mirror and a live bird, a mirror and a live bird with frosted screen, a closed circuit TV monitor and a TV program or the closed circuit monitor and an upside down monitor. The birds showed strong preference for the self-image on the mirror, the live bird and the self-image on the monitor. They preferred almost equally to the mirror and the frosted live bird. These results suggest that the Java sparrows saw the self-image on the mirror as conspecific image. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]