When change-oriented feedback enhances motivation, well-being and performance: A look at autonomy-supportive feedback in sport

Abstract: Objectives: Change-oriented feedback (aka negative feedback) serves two important functions: it motivates athletes and guides them towards performance improvement. However, it can also lead to negative consequences such as anxiety or a decrease in athletes'' self-esteem and in the quality of the coach–athlete relationship. We propose that change-oriented feedback quality is key in predicting athletes'' reaction to this type of feedback. Based on SDT, we further suggest that a high quality change-oriented feedback must be autonomy-supportive. To test this hypothesis, we first define and measure an autonomy-supportive change-oriented feedback. We then investigate the relative impact of change-oriented feedback''s quantity and quality on athletes'' phenomenological experiences and performance. Method: In total, 340 athletes and 58 coaches participated in this study. Coaches and athletes filled out a questionnaire after a training session. HLM analyses were used to take into consideration the hierarchical structure of the data. Results: HLM analyses first show that an autonomy-supportive change-oriented feedback is empathic, accompanied by choices of solutions, based on clear and attainable objectives known to athletes, avoids person-related statements, is paired with tips, and given in a considerate tone of voice. Results also show that feedback quality predicts athletes'' outcomes above and beyond feedback quantity and coaches'' other autonomy-supportive behaviours. Conclusion: Results are discussed in light of their contribution to self-determination theory, the feedback literature and the improvement of coaches'' training. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]